As cities introduce zero-emission zones, urban logistics is undergoing a fundamental transformation. This study examines how light electric freight vehicles (LEFVs) are being integrated into last-mile delivery in the Netherlands and how this transition reshapes logistics operations, urban infrastructure, and governance. Rather than focusing solely on vehicle technology, the paper highlights the organisational and spatial changes required to enable emission-free logistics.
The research is based on qualitative interviews with logistics experts and explores how sustainability targets are translated into everyday practice. A key finding is that the shift to zero-emission delivery is not simply a matter of replacing diesel vans with electric alternatives. Instead, it requires significant redesign of delivery networks, operational routines, and collaboration between public and private stakeholders.
Zero-emission zones create new operational realities for logistics companies. Access restrictions, limited space, and stricter environmental standards challenge traditional van-based delivery models. As a result, companies are experimenting with smaller vehicles, consolidation strategies, and new routing approaches. LEFVs offer clear advantages in dense urban environments, including lower emissions and improved access to restricted areas. However, they also introduce constraints such as limited payload, restricted range, and charging requirements. This means that companies must continuously adapt their planning and operations.
Organisational change emerges as a central theme. Logistics providers must rethink fleet composition, route planning, and delivery processes to accommodate LEFVs. This transition involves experimentation and learning, as companies test new logistics concepts and evaluate their feasibility. The shift toward smaller vehicles also requires rethinking labour organisation, scheduling, and operational management.
Infrastructure and urban planning play a crucial role in enabling this transition. The deployment of LEFVs depends on the availability of charging infrastructure, loading and unloading space, and urban consolidation hubs. The study shows that successful implementation requires cities to align infrastructure planning with logistics needs. Without supportive infrastructure, the potential benefits of LEFVs remain limited.
Governance and stakeholder collaboration are equally important. The introduction of zero-emission zones creates new responsibilities for municipalities and logistics providers. Effective implementation requires ongoing dialogue, coordination, and shared learning. Urban logistics is therefore shaped by the interaction between public policy, market dynamics, and operational realities.
The paper emphasises that the transition to zero-emission logistics is an ongoing process. Logistics providers continue to experiment with new operational models, and uncertainties remain about long-term scalability and cost implications. The study concludes that the deployment of LEFVs is reshaping not only delivery practices but also urban space and governance structures. Successful implementation depends on integrated approaches that combine technology, infrastructure, policy, and collaboration.