Zero-emission zones and the equity problem: what an Amsterdam digital twin reveals
A paper presented at City Logistics 2025 (Winkelmann, Nandakumar, Spruijtenburg, de Bok — TNO and TU Delft) puts a number on something many city logistics practitioners have suspected but rarely quantified: zero-emission zones (ZEZs) can improve air quality in the city center while quietly shifting the burden onto poorer neighborhoods nearby. The Netherlands has committed …